03 — Countermeasure Design

How VEIL prevents unauthorized sensing with compliant waveform controls, and how the design maps to v2/crates/wifi-densepose-privshield.

1. The separable-subspace principle

A compressed beamforming report is not homogeneous. Two blocks carry different information:

Dominant beam direction (comm block). The coarse steering the AP uses to aim data at the client. It varies with position and traffic and carries no stable identity. Throughput rides here.
Fine cross-subcarrier phase structure (fine block). The high-order multipath detail. It is stable per person across sessions and is what re-identification exploits (BFId). Identity leaks here. Communication barely uses it.

The whole design rests on this: identity leakage and data throughput live in (mostly) separable subspaces. A transform confined to the fine block can wreck re-identification while sparing the beam the link depends on. This is consistent with the DySPAN-2026 MEASURED result that shaping fine-resolution feedback is nearly free in throughput.

2. The four compliant waveform controls

VEIL alters "channel sounding, phase, or beam schedules" — exactly the levers the brief names — all within the 802.11 waveform envelope:

Control	What it varies	Purpose
Keyed precoder rotation (primary)	A fresh secret orthogonal transform of the fine subspace each session, composed from extra Givens rotations	Destroys cross-session identity linkage; energy-preserving; key-reversible
Feedback quantization / dither	Sub-step noise on reported φ/ψ angles	Adds report-level uncertainty; tunes the privacy–throughput point via `feedback_bits`
Sounding-cadence randomization	Jitter on NDP sounding intervals	Under-samples motion for an eavesdropper; charged as the throughput overhead
MU-group / stream-mapping shuffle	Which STAs are grouped, stream-to-antenna mapping	Rotates the spatial signature over time

All four modify the node's own standards-conformant frames. None adds energy on top of another station (see 04).

3. Why the keyed Givens rotation is the right primitive

The compressed beamforming report is already a product of Givens rotations (the φ/ψ angles). VEIL composes additional keyed Givens rotations over the fine block. This choice gives three properties at once:

Orthogonal ⇒ energy-preserving. A Givens rotation preserves the vector's L2 norm exactly. Composing many still preserves it. So the emission carries the same power it always would — no added energy, no interference, not jamming. The compliance module checks this: energy ratio = 1.000000.
Keyed & reversible ⇒ throughput-preserving. The legitimate AP/STA shares the per-session key, derives the identical rotation schedule, and applies the inverse (negated angles, reversed order) to recover the true precoder. It pays only the tiny residual from quantizing the extra angles at feedback_bits resolution — negligible across the 802.11 5–9-bit range — plus the sounding overhead. (The throughput-optimal resolution is derived in 08-optimization.md.)
Fresh per session ⇒ unlinkable. A different rotation each session means an A1 sniffer sees R_e · signature for a new random R_e every time. Averaging over sessions (the natural enrollment attack) drives mean_e(R_e · signature) → 0 for every identity, so all templates collapse toward the origin and become indistinguishable — re-identification → chance. This is the marginalized-mutual-information argument: over unknown rotations, the signature carries no stable discriminative information.

This is the shared-secret precoding idea (cf. MIMOCrypt) specialized to the identity-bearing subspace and unified around the report's native primitive.

4. Detect-then-act

Per the brief ("detect sensing activity and alter…"), VEIL need not perturb continuously. The SensingDetector exposes the decision rule: when the observed rate of sensing/NDP solicitations crosses a threshold, the control plane (ADR-280) engages the shield. Continuous operation is also valid; gating just saves the (already small) overhead when no sensing is present.

5. Module map

Concept above	Crate module	Key items
Deterministic, WASM-safe randomness + keys	`prng`	`Rng` (SplitMix64), `fnv1a_64`, `derive_key`
Givens algebra, energy conservation	`linalg`	`apply_givens`, `norm`, `dist_sq`
SYNTHETIC two-subspace BFI model	`identity`	`SceneConfig`, `Channel`, `BfiSample` (`comm()`/`fine()`)
The four controls (shield)	`protector`	`ShieldConfig`, `Protector::protect`/`recover`, `SensingDetector`
Passive re-ID adversary	`attacker`	`NearestCentroidAttacker`, `Metric`
Privacy–throughput tradeoff	`throughput`	`LinkModel::throughput_ratio`, `beamforming_residual`, `feedback_airtime`
"Not jamming" audit	`compliance`	`ComplianceReport::audit`/`is_compliant`
Attacker-vs-protector head-to-head	`experiment`	`ExperimentConfig`, `run`, `ExperimentReport`
Config hyper-optimization	`optimize`	`hyper_optimize`, `min_givens_passes`, `pareto_frontier`
Byte-stable deterministic witness	`proof`	`Proof::EXPECTED_WITNESS`, `Proof::witness`

6. The privacy–throughput knobs (and which the optimizer turns)

feedback_bits: the only knob with a genuine throughput tradeoff — residual falls with bits, feedback airtime rises with them, so there is an interior optimum (3 bits unconstrained; 5 bits within the 802.11-allowed set). Privacy is unaffected by bits (the rotation is fresh regardless).
givens_passes: the privacy/robustness knob. More mixing lowers re-ID at no throughput cost (the keyed rotation is never signaled), so it trades only compute. The optimizer finds the minimum for robust collapse and ships a free 2× margin.
sounding_overhead: a flat throughput cost from cadence randomization; trades motion-obfuscation strength against airtime (outside the re-ID metric).

The optimize module turns these knobs deterministically — see 08-optimization.md. It is what replaced the original hand-picked config.

The throughput module computes the ratio from these, so the tradeoff is inspectable rather than asserted (cargo test throughput).

7. Honest limitations of the model

The two-subspace split is an abstraction; on real hardware comm and identity information are only approximately separable, so the real throughput cost of fully hiding identity may be higher than the model's ~2%. The DySPAN-2026 MEASURED curve is the external sanity check that it is small at fine resolution, not zero.
The nearest-centroid attacker is deliberately simple. The collapse argument is classifier-independent (it is about the signal, not the model), but a hardware study must confirm a strong learned attacker also collapses.
Within-session motion is not addressed by the rotation alone (see threat model §4).

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