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//! Zero-Knowledge Financial Proofs
//!
//! Prove financial statements without revealing actual numbers.
//! All proofs are generated in the browser - private data never leaves.
//!
//! # ⚠️ SECURITY WARNING ⚠️
//!
//! **THIS IS A DEMONSTRATION IMPLEMENTATION - NOT PRODUCTION READY**
//!
//! The cryptographic primitives in this module are SIMPLIFIED for educational
//! purposes and API demonstration. They do NOT provide real security:
//!
//! - Custom hash function (not SHA-256)
//! - Simplified Pedersen commitments (not elliptic curve based)
//! - Mock bulletproof verification (does not verify mathematical properties)
//!
//! ## For Production Use
//!
//! Replace with battle-tested cryptographic libraries:
//! ```toml
//! bulletproofs = "4.0" # Real bulletproofs
//! curve25519-dalek = "4.0" # Elliptic curve operations
//! merlin = "3.0" # Fiat-Shamir transcripts
//! sha2 = "0.10" # Cryptographic hash
//! ```
//!
//! ## Supported Proofs (API Demo)
//!
//! - **Range Proofs**: Prove a value is within a range
//! - **Comparison Proofs**: Prove value A > value B
//! - **Aggregate Proofs**: Prove sum/average meets criteria
//! - **History Proofs**: Prove statements about transaction history
//!
//! ## Cryptographic Basis (Production)
//!
//! Real implementation would use Bulletproofs for range proofs (no trusted setup).
//! Pedersen commitments on Ristretto255 curve hide values while allowing verification.
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
// ============================================================================
// Core Types
// ============================================================================
/// A committed value - hides the actual number
///
/// # Security Note
/// In production, this would be a Ristretto255 point: `C = v·G + r·H`
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Commitment {
/// The commitment point (in production: compressed Ristretto255)
pub point: [u8; 32],
// NOTE: Blinding factor removed from struct to prevent accidental leakage.
// Prover must track blindings separately in a secure manner.
}
/// A zero-knowledge proof
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ZkProof {
/// Proof type identifier
pub proof_type: ProofType,
/// The actual proof bytes
pub proof_data: Vec<u8>,
/// Public inputs (what the verifier needs)
pub public_inputs: PublicInputs,
/// Timestamp when proof was generated
pub generated_at: u64,
/// Expiration (proofs can be time-limited)
pub expires_at: Option<u64>,
}
/// Types of proofs we can generate
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
pub enum ProofType {
/// Prove: value ∈ [min, max]
Range,
/// Prove: value_a > value_b (or ≥, <, ≤)
Comparison,
/// Prove: income ≥ multiplier × expense
Affordability,
/// Prove: all values in set ≥ 0 (no overdrafts)
NonNegative,
/// Prove: sum of values ≤ threshold
SumBound,
/// Prove: average of values meets criteria
AverageBound,
/// Prove: membership in a set (e.g., verified accounts)
SetMembership,
}
/// Public inputs that verifier sees
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct PublicInputs {
/// Commitments to hidden values
pub commitments: Vec<Commitment>,
/// Public threshold/bound values
pub bounds: Vec<u64>,
/// Statement being proven (human readable)
pub statement: String,
/// Optional: institution that signed the source data
pub attestation: Option<Attestation>,
}
/// Attestation from a trusted source (e.g., Plaid)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Attestation {
/// Who attested (e.g., "plaid.com")
pub issuer: String,
/// Signature over the commitments
pub signature: Vec<u8>,
/// When the attestation was made
pub timestamp: u64,
}
/// Result of proof verification
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct VerificationResult {
pub valid: bool,
pub statement: String,
pub verified_at: u64,
pub error: Option<String>,
}
// ============================================================================
// Pedersen Commitments (Simplified)
// ============================================================================
/// Pedersen commitment scheme
/// C = v*G + r*H where v=value, r=blinding, G,H=generator points
pub struct PedersenCommitment;
impl PedersenCommitment {
/// Create a commitment to a value
pub fn commit(value: u64, blinding: &[u8; 32]) -> Commitment {
// Simplified: In production, use curve25519-dalek
let mut point = [0u8; 32];
// Hash(value || blinding) as simplified commitment
let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
hasher.update(&value.to_le_bytes());
hasher.update(blinding);
let hash = hasher.finalize();
point.copy_from_slice(&hash[..32]);
Commitment {
point,
}
}
/// Generate random blinding factor
pub fn random_blinding() -> [u8; 32] {
use rand::Rng;
let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
let mut blinding = [0u8; 32];
rng.fill(&mut blinding);
blinding
}
/// Verify a commitment opens to a value (only prover can do this)
pub fn verify_opening(commitment: &Commitment, value: u64, blinding: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
let expected = Self::commit(value, blinding);
commitment.point == expected.point
}
}
// Simple SHA256 for commitments
struct Sha256 {
data: Vec<u8>,
}
impl Sha256 {
fn new() -> Self {
Self { data: Vec::new() }
}
fn update(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
self.data.extend_from_slice(data);
}
fn finalize(self) -> [u8; 32] {
// Simplified hash - in production use sha2 crate
let mut result = [0u8; 32];
for (i, chunk) in self.data.chunks(32).enumerate() {
for (j, &byte) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
result[(i + j) % 32] ^= byte.wrapping_mul((i + j + 1) as u8);
}
}
// Mix more
for i in 0..32 {
result[i] = result[i]
.wrapping_add(result[(i + 7) % 32])
.wrapping_mul(result[(i + 13) % 32] | 1);
}
result
}
}
// ============================================================================
// Range Proofs (Bulletproofs-style)
// ============================================================================
/// Bulletproof-style range proof
/// Proves: value ∈ [0, 2^n) without revealing value
pub struct RangeProof;
impl RangeProof {
/// Generate a range proof
/// Proves: committed_value ∈ [min, max]
pub fn prove(value: u64, min: u64, max: u64, blinding: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
// Validate range
if value < min || value > max {
return Err("Value not in range".to_string());
}
// Create commitment
let commitment = PedersenCommitment::commit(value, blinding);
// Generate proof data (simplified Bulletproof)
// In production: use bulletproofs crate
let proof_data = Self::generate_bulletproof(value, min, max, blinding);
Ok(ZkProof {
proof_type: ProofType::Range,
proof_data,
public_inputs: PublicInputs {
commitments: vec![commitment],
bounds: vec![min, max],
statement: format!("Value is between {} and {}", min, max),
attestation: None,
},
generated_at: current_timestamp(),
expires_at: Some(current_timestamp() + 86400 * 30), // 30 days
})
}
/// Verify a range proof
pub fn verify(proof: &ZkProof) -> VerificationResult {
if proof.proof_type != ProofType::Range {
return VerificationResult {
valid: false,
statement: proof.public_inputs.statement.clone(),
verified_at: current_timestamp(),
error: Some("Wrong proof type".to_string()),
};
}
// Verify the bulletproof (simplified)
let valid = Self::verify_bulletproof(
&proof.proof_data,
&proof.public_inputs.commitments[0],
proof.public_inputs.bounds[0],
proof.public_inputs.bounds[1],
);
VerificationResult {
valid,
statement: proof.public_inputs.statement.clone(),
verified_at: current_timestamp(),
error: if valid { None } else { Some("Proof verification failed".to_string()) },
}
}
// Simplified bulletproof generation
fn generate_bulletproof(value: u64, min: u64, max: u64, blinding: &[u8; 32]) -> Vec<u8> {
let mut proof = Vec::new();
// Encode shifted value (value - min)
let shifted = value - min;
let range = max - min;
// Number of bits needed
let bits = (64 - range.leading_zeros()) as usize;
// Generate bit commitments (simplified)
for i in 0..bits {
let bit = (shifted >> i) & 1;
let bit_blinding = Self::derive_bit_blinding(blinding, i);
let bit_commitment = PedersenCommitment::commit(bit, &bit_blinding);
proof.extend_from_slice(&bit_commitment.point);
}
// Add challenge response (Fiat-Shamir)
let challenge = Self::fiat_shamir_challenge(&proof, blinding);
proof.extend_from_slice(&challenge);
proof
}
// Simplified bulletproof verification
fn verify_bulletproof(
proof_data: &[u8],
commitment: &Commitment,
min: u64,
max: u64,
) -> bool {
let range = max - min;
let bits = (64 - range.leading_zeros()) as usize;
// Check proof has correct structure
let expected_len = bits * 32 + 32; // bit commitments + challenge
if proof_data.len() != expected_len {
return false;
}
// Verify structure (simplified - real bulletproofs do much more)
// In production: verify inner product argument
// Check challenge is properly formed
let challenge_start = bits * 32;
let _challenge = &proof_data[challenge_start..];
// Simplified: just check it's not all zeros
proof_data.iter().any(|&b| b != 0)
}
fn derive_bit_blinding(base_blinding: &[u8; 32], bit_index: usize) -> [u8; 32] {
let mut result = *base_blinding;
result[0] ^= bit_index as u8;
result[31] ^= (bit_index >> 8) as u8;
result
}
fn fiat_shamir_challenge(transcript: &[u8], blinding: &[u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
hasher.update(transcript);
hasher.update(blinding);
hasher.finalize()
}
}
// ============================================================================
// Financial Proof Builder
// ============================================================================
/// Builder for common financial proofs
pub struct FinancialProofBuilder {
/// Monthly income values
income: Vec<u64>,
/// Monthly expenses by category
expenses: HashMap<String, Vec<u64>>,
/// Account balances over time
balances: Vec<i64>,
/// Blinding factors (kept secret)
blindings: HashMap<String, [u8; 32]>,
}
impl FinancialProofBuilder {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
income: Vec::new(),
expenses: HashMap::new(),
balances: Vec::new(),
blindings: HashMap::new(),
}
}
/// Add monthly income data
pub fn with_income(mut self, monthly_income: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
self.income = monthly_income;
self
}
/// Add expense category data
pub fn with_expenses(mut self, category: &str, monthly: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
self.expenses.insert(category.to_string(), monthly);
self
}
/// Add balance history
pub fn with_balances(mut self, daily_balances: Vec<i64>) -> Self {
self.balances = daily_balances;
self
}
// ========================================================================
// Proof Generation
// ========================================================================
/// Prove: income ≥ threshold
pub fn prove_income_above(&self, threshold: u64) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let avg_income = self.income.iter().sum::<u64>() / self.income.len().max(1) as u64;
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding("income");
RangeProof::prove(avg_income, threshold, u64::MAX / 2, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"Average monthly income ≥ ${}",
threshold
);
p
})
}
/// Prove: income ≥ multiplier × rent (affordability)
pub fn prove_affordability(&self, rent: u64, multiplier: u64) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let avg_income = self.income.iter().sum::<u64>() / self.income.len().max(1) as u64;
let required = rent * multiplier;
if avg_income < required {
return Err("Income does not meet affordability requirement".to_string());
}
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding("affordability");
// Prove income ≥ required
RangeProof::prove(avg_income, required, u64::MAX / 2, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.proof_type = ProofType::Affordability;
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"Income ≥ {}× monthly rent of ${}",
multiplier, rent
);
p.public_inputs.bounds = vec![rent, multiplier];
p
})
}
/// Prove: no overdrafts (all balances ≥ 0) for N days
pub fn prove_no_overdrafts(&self, days: usize) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let relevant_balances = if days < self.balances.len() {
&self.balances[self.balances.len() - days..]
} else {
&self.balances[..]
};
// Check all balances are non-negative
let min_balance = *relevant_balances.iter().min().unwrap_or(&0);
if min_balance < 0 {
return Err("Overdraft detected in period".to_string());
}
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding("no_overdraft");
// Prove minimum balance ≥ 0
RangeProof::prove(min_balance as u64, 0, u64::MAX / 2, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.proof_type = ProofType::NonNegative;
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"No overdrafts in the past {} days",
days
);
p.public_inputs.bounds = vec![days as u64, 0];
p
})
}
/// Prove: savings ≥ threshold
pub fn prove_savings_above(&self, threshold: u64) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let current_balance = *self.balances.last().unwrap_or(&0);
if current_balance < threshold as i64 {
return Err("Savings below threshold".to_string());
}
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding("savings");
RangeProof::prove(current_balance as u64, threshold, u64::MAX / 2, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"Current savings ≥ ${}",
threshold
);
p
})
}
/// Prove: average spending in category ≤ budget
pub fn prove_budget_compliance(
&self,
category: &str,
budget: u64,
) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let expenses = self.expenses.get(category)
.ok_or_else(|| format!("No data for category: {}", category))?;
let avg_spending = expenses.iter().sum::<u64>() / expenses.len().max(1) as u64;
if avg_spending > budget {
return Err("Average spending exceeds budget".to_string());
}
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding(&format!("budget_{}", category));
// Prove spending ≤ budget (equivalent to: spending ∈ [0, budget])
RangeProof::prove(avg_spending, 0, budget, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.proof_type = ProofType::SumBound;
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"Average {} spending ≤ ${}/month",
category, budget
);
p
})
}
/// Prove: debt-to-income ratio ≤ threshold%
pub fn prove_debt_ratio(&self, monthly_debt: u64, max_ratio: u64) -> Result<ZkProof, String> {
let avg_income = self.income.iter().sum::<u64>() / self.income.len().max(1) as u64;
// ratio = (debt * 100) / income
let actual_ratio = (monthly_debt * 100) / avg_income.max(1);
if actual_ratio > max_ratio {
return Err("Debt ratio exceeds maximum".to_string());
}
let blinding = self.get_or_create_blinding("debt_ratio");
RangeProof::prove(actual_ratio, 0, max_ratio, &blinding)
.map(|mut p| {
p.public_inputs.statement = format!(
"Debt-to-income ratio ≤ {}%",
max_ratio
);
p
})
}
// ========================================================================
// Helpers
// ========================================================================
fn get_or_create_blinding(&self, key: &str) -> [u8; 32] {
// In real impl, would store and reuse blindings
// For now, generate deterministically from key
let mut blinding = [0u8; 32];
for (i, c) in key.bytes().enumerate() {
blinding[i % 32] ^= c;
}
// Add randomness
let random = PedersenCommitment::random_blinding();
for i in 0..32 {
blinding[i] ^= random[i];
}
blinding
}
}
impl Default for FinancialProofBuilder {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
// ============================================================================
// Composite Proofs (Multiple Statements)
// ============================================================================
/// A bundle of proofs for rental application
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct RentalApplicationProof {
/// Prove income meets requirement
pub income_proof: ZkProof,
/// Prove no overdrafts
pub stability_proof: ZkProof,
/// Prove savings buffer
pub savings_proof: Option<ZkProof>,
/// Application metadata
pub metadata: ApplicationMetadata,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ApplicationMetadata {
pub applicant_id: String,
pub property_id: Option<String>,
pub generated_at: u64,
pub expires_at: u64,
}
impl RentalApplicationProof {
/// Create a complete rental application proof bundle
pub fn create(
builder: &FinancialProofBuilder,
rent: u64,
income_multiplier: u64,
stability_days: usize,
savings_months: Option<u64>,
) -> Result<Self, String> {
let income_proof = builder.prove_affordability(rent, income_multiplier)?;
let stability_proof = builder.prove_no_overdrafts(stability_days)?;
let savings_proof = if let Some(months) = savings_months {
Some(builder.prove_savings_above(rent * months)?)
} else {
None
};
Ok(Self {
income_proof,
stability_proof,
savings_proof,
metadata: ApplicationMetadata {
applicant_id: generate_anonymous_id(),
property_id: None,
generated_at: current_timestamp(),
expires_at: current_timestamp() + 86400 * 30, // 30 days
},
})
}
/// Verify all proofs in the bundle
pub fn verify(&self) -> Vec<VerificationResult> {
let mut results = vec![
RangeProof::verify(&self.income_proof),
RangeProof::verify(&self.stability_proof),
];
if let Some(ref savings_proof) = self.savings_proof {
results.push(RangeProof::verify(savings_proof));
}
results
}
/// Check if application is valid (all proofs pass)
pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
self.verify().iter().all(|r| r.valid)
}
}
// ============================================================================
// Helpers
// ============================================================================
fn current_timestamp() -> u64 {
std::time::SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
.map(|d| d.as_secs())
.unwrap_or(0)
}
fn generate_anonymous_id() -> String {
use rand::Rng;
let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
let mut bytes = [0u8; 16];
rng.fill(&mut bytes);
hex::encode(bytes)
}
// ============================================================================
// Tests
// ============================================================================
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_range_proof() {
let value = 5000u64;
let blinding = PedersenCommitment::random_blinding();
let proof = RangeProof::prove(value, 3000, 10000, &blinding).unwrap();
let result = RangeProof::verify(&proof);
assert!(result.valid);
}
#[test]
fn test_income_proof() {
let builder = FinancialProofBuilder::new()
.with_income(vec![6500, 6500, 6800, 6500]); // ~$6500/month
// Prove income ≥ $5000
let proof = builder.prove_income_above(5000).unwrap();
let result = RangeProof::verify(&proof);
assert!(result.valid);
assert!(result.statement.contains("5000"));
}
#[test]
fn test_affordability_proof() {
let builder = FinancialProofBuilder::new()
.with_income(vec![6500, 6500, 6500, 6500]);
// Prove can afford $2000 rent (need 3x = $6000)
let proof = builder.prove_affordability(2000, 3).unwrap();
let result = RangeProof::verify(&proof);
assert!(result.valid);
}
#[test]
fn test_no_overdraft_proof() {
let builder = FinancialProofBuilder::new()
.with_balances(vec![1000, 800, 1200, 500, 900, 1100, 1500]);
let proof = builder.prove_no_overdrafts(7).unwrap();
let result = RangeProof::verify(&proof);
assert!(result.valid);
}
#[test]
fn test_rental_application() {
let builder = FinancialProofBuilder::new()
.with_income(vec![6500, 6500, 6500, 6500])
.with_balances(vec![5000, 5200, 4800, 5100, 5300, 5000, 5500]);
let application = RentalApplicationProof::create(
&builder,
2000, // rent
3, // income multiplier
30, // stability days
Some(2), // 2 months savings
).unwrap();
assert!(application.is_valid());
}
}